Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 22 (week ending 2 June 2024)
Updated 30 December 2024
Applies to England and Wales
© Crown copyright 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS Coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/17 | 2024/18 | 2024/19 | 2024/20 | 2024/21 | 2024/22 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| West Nile virus | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bacillus cereus | 23 | 12 | 17 | 25 | 20 | 19 |
| Bordetella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Bordetella pertussis | 247 | 253 | 154 | 167 | 150 | 152 |
| Borrelia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 20 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 44 |
| Borrelia other named | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Borrelia sp | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 13 |
| Brucella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Brucella melitensis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Brucella sp | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Campylobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Campylobacter coli | 49 | 46 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 43 |
| Campylobacter fetus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 269 | 300 | 239 | 364 | 365 | 360 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | - | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,017 | 1,071 | 922 | 1,384 | 1,300 | 1,291 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | - | - | - | - | 4 |
| Chikungunya virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Clostridium perfringens | 31 | 35 | 35 | 27 | 32 | 38 |
| Coronavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Coronavirus | 82 | 75 | 92 | 80 | 73 | 42 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 1 | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 96 | 131 | 109 | 90 | 98 | 97 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,689 | 2,085 | 2,464 | 2,074 | 1,797 | 1,739 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 29 | 29 | 48 | 44 | 59 | 51 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 26 | 20 | 21 | 17 | 14 | 16 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 152 | 155 | 156 | 154 | 144 | 112 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 10 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 10 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 37 | 38 | 41 | 53 | 71 | 40 |
| Corynebacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 13 | 15 | 14 | 23 | 13 | 6 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 170 | 132 | 81 | 100 | 106 | 31 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 94 | 55 | 55 | 63 | 76 | 69 |
| Entamoeba | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Entamoeba histolytica | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 21 | 12 | 15 |
| Flaviviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Dengue virus | 4 | 9 | - | 14 | 4 | 1 |
| Haemophilus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 71 | 66 | 65 | 69 | 59 | 63 |
| Hepatitis viruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Hepatitis A | 11 | 23 | 8 | 29 | 20 | 16 |
| Hepatitis B | 376 | 366 | 326 | 324 | 343 | 294 |
| Hepatitis C | 251 | 228 | 200 | 263 | 306 | 241 |
| Hepatitis D | 7 | 10 | 13 | 6 | 10 | 12 |
| Hepatitis E | 30 | 28 | 32 | 24 | 25 | 27 |
| Influenza virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Influenza A | 348 | 359 | 269 | 195 | 143 | 118 |
| Influenza B | 219 | 229 | 204 | 152 | 88 | 60 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 3 | 8 | 5 | 6 | - | 4 |
| Legionella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Legionella longbeachae | - | 1 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Legionella other named | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 9 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 3 |
| Leptospira | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leptospira interrogans | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Listeria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Listeria monocytogenes | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| Mycobacterium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 92 | 104 | 96 | 82 | 83 | 66 |
| Neisseria | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 29 | 29 | 25 | 30 | 24 | 21 |
| Orthopoxvirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Mpox virus | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 6 |
| Paramyxoviruses | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Measles virus | 61 | 56 | 69 | 75 | 50 | 78 |
| Mumps virus | 13 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Plasmodium | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Polyomavirus BK | 41 | 34 | 46 | 71 | 49 | 35 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 4 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 6 | 9 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 20 | 15 | 23 | 16 | 9 | 8 |
| Rickettsia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rickettsia prowazekii | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rubella virus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Rubella virus | 2 | 1 | - | 7 | 3 | 5 |
| Salmonella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Other salmonellas | 58 | 66 | 69 | 55 | 49 | 17 |
| Salmonella agona | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | - | - | - | 7 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 57 | 35 | 34 | 37 | 28 | 14 |
| Salmonella java | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella muenchen | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 7 | - | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Salmonella poona | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 7 | 15 | 11 | 27 | 98 | 166 |
| Salmonella stanley | 6 | 6 | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 14 | 20 | 25 | 27 | 14 | 7 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 36 | 32 | 28 | 28 | 14 | 8 |
| Salmonella virchow | - | - | - | - | - | 5 |
| Slmonella enterica | - | - | - | 6 | 5 | - |
| Shigella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Shigella boydii | - | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | 2 | - | - | - | 1 |
| Shigella flexneri | 19 | 23 | 19 | 13 | 22 | 8 |
| Shigella sonnei | 28 | 19 | 17 | 30 | 20 | 20 |
| Shigella sp | 70 | 61 | 54 | 50 | 48 | 64 |
| Streptococcus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Streptococcus group A | 86 | 72 | 77 | 56 | 60 | 52 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 124 | 111 | 127 | 129 | 85 | 114 |
| Vibrio | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/17 | 2024/18 | 2024/19 | 2024/20 | 2024/21 | 2024/22 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | 3 | 1 |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 1 | - | 3 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| Enterobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Ìý | KPC | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 6 |
| Ìý | NDM | 3 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 11 | 2 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Escherichia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 3 | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Ìý | NDM | 25 | 25 | 22 | 20 | 17 | 7 |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 20 | 24 | 23 | 32 | 18 | 7 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Escherichia hermannii | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | KPC | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 4 | 2 |
| Ìý | KPC | 12 | 12 | 16 | 12 | 16 | 5 |
| Ìý | NDM | 10 | 13 | 23 | 14 | 19 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | 8 | 15 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 2 |
| Ìý | VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | - | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Leclercia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Providencia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Providencia rettgeri (proteus rettgeri) | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Serratia | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other serratia spp | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms*
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/17 | 2024/18 | 2024/19 | 2024/20 | 2024/21 | 2024/22 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | NDM | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Other acinetobacter spp | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Ìý | NDM | 2 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Other pseudomonas spp | VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Ìý | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý | Ìý |
| Ìý | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Ìý | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
*for all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period