天美影院

1. Background

• Release date: 26 June 2025
• Next release: Spring/Summer 2026
• Geographic coverage: United Kingdom
• Time coverage: 2016 to 2023
• Responsible analyst: Wilmah Tawaziwa

This release provides estimates for the following measures for 2023:

• estimates of exports and imports of goods in DCMS sectors
• estimates of exports and imports of services by businesses in DCMS sectors
• exports and imports of tourism where exports are defined as spending on goods and services by overseas visitors to the UK and imports are defined as spending by UK visitors overseas.

The DCMS Sectors covered in this release are:

• creative industries
• cultural sector
• gambling (services only)
• sport
• tourism (covered on a separate basis to the other sectors)

Estimates of trade in services and trade in goods are not comparable on any basis and should not be added together. This is because they use different data sources and different definitions as to what constitutes an import or an export. Additionally, trade in goods estimates are defined based on the type of commodity being traded, whereas trade in services estimates are defined based on the industry of the business trading the service, rather than based on the type of service being traded. See the accompanying Technical Report for further information.聽

In this publication we have used 2018 as the baseline for pre-COVID comparisons for trade in goods and services because 2019 trends in trade in goods were volatile due to stockpiling related to potential EU-Exit issues. 2018 is considered the most recent 鈥榮table鈥� year for trends in trade in goods and services. This is in line with other government departments that publish trade statistics. For tourism, 2019 is used as the baseline year for pre-COVID comparisons as it is the last full year that tourism spending was unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic.聽

This report provides commentary on trade in goods and services since 2018 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) but the accompanying data tables include figures from 2016 up to 2023. Estimates for 2020 and 2021 are affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Caution is advised when making year on year comparisons of trade in goods or services due to the combined effects of the national and international implications of pandemic, EU-Exit uncertainty and border disruptions which contributed to the volatility in UK goods and services trade. For more information on this, see the ONS article on the . See Annex A timeline of events and pieces of legislation that occurred between 2016 and 2022 relevant to the movements of goods and people.

Additionally, there is a break in the time series for UK to EU goods exports from 1 January 2021 and for EU to UK goods imports from 1 January 2022. This is due to the UK鈥檚 exit from the EU which has led to changes in the way that HMRC collects trade in goods statistics. Caution should be used when comparing trade in goods data before and after these time periods.

Estimates are given in current prices and have not been adjusted for inflation. Year on year increases are therefore likely to be higher than the 鈥榬eal鈥� (inflation-adjusted) value. Changes over time are therefore reported here as changes in the proportion of total UK imports and exports.

2. Headline findings

2.1 Trade in goods

Trade in the included DCMS sector goods in 2023 is estimated as:

• 拢9.8 billion of goods imports, 1.5% of total UK goods imports (down from 1.8% 2022 and from 2.3% in 2018).

• 拢11.6 billion of goods exports, 2.7% of total UK goods exports (down from 3.0% in 2022 and from 4.1% in 2018).

2.2 Trade in services

Trade in services by businesses in included DCMS sectors in 2023 is estimated as:

• 拢40.6 billion of service imports, 13.7% of total UK service imports (up from 13.2% in 2022 and from 8.9% in 2018).

• 拢63.5 billion of service exports, 13.6% of total UK service exports (up from 13.3% in 2022 and from 12.2% in 2018).

2.3 Trade in tourism

Trade in tourism in 2023 is estimated as:

• 拢72.4 billion in tourism imports (spend on goods and services by UK visitors overseas)

• 拢31.1 billion in tourism exports (spend on goods and services by overseas visitors to the UK)

3. Trade in goods

Estimates of trade in goods are calculated on a 鈥渃ross-border鈥� measure of trade; a good is recorded as an export or import when it physically leaves or enters the economic territory of a country. Due to the different definitions and calculations, estimates of trade in goods are not comparable on any basis to the estimates of trade in services.聽

From 31 December 2020, the free movement of people and goods and services between the UK and the EU ended. This led to . As a result, there is a break in the time series for UK to EU goods export estimates from 1 January 2021 and for EU to UK goods imports from 1 January 2022. This has reduced comparability across the years. See the Data Sources section and accompanying Technical Report for further information.

3.1 Headline Findings

Trade in the included DCMS sector goods in 2023 is estimated as:

• 拢9.8 billion of goods imports, 1.5% of total UK goods imports (down from 1.8% 2022 and from 2.3% in 2018).

• 拢11.6 billion of goods exports, 2.7% of total UK goods exports (down from 3.0% in 2022 and from 4.1% in 2018).

The proportion of total UK trade in goods accounted for by goods in included DCMS sectors decreased between 2018 (pre-pandemic) and 2023 for both imports (from 2.3% to 1.5%) and exports (from 4.1% to 2.7%). Most of the decrease occurred between 2019 and 2020 for both imports (from 2.4% to 1.9%) and exports (from 4.4% to 3.3%).

Figure 1: Trade in included DCMS Sectors (excl. tourism, gambling and civil society) goods, including as a percentage of the UK total: 2018 to 2023

In 2023, the value of goods exported by included DCMS sectors exceeded the value of goods imported by 拢1.8 billion (a trade surplus). This means that DCMS sectors are net exporters of goods. This is in contrast to the UK economy as a whole, which imports more goods from foreign countries than it exports to them, as a result the UK is a net importer of goods. More information on UK overseas trade in goods statistics can be found on the website. Exports of DCMS sector goods have been consistently higher than imports between 2018 and 2023.

The largest contributor to this surplus was creative industries goods (拢2.1 billion surplus), particularly exports of goods in the 鈥楳usic, performing and visual arts鈥� sub-sector (拢1.4 billion surplus). The creative industries is also the largest economically of the included sectors across a range of economic indicators that include Gross Value Added and Employment.

3.2 Trade in DCMS sectors

The value of goods traded by each DCMS sector is presented below, in current prices. Please note industries may contribute to and be classified as more than one sector. For example, the majority of cultural sector goods are also classified as creative industries goods. For more information see Annex B.

Figure 2: The value of goods traded by each DCMS sector, 2023

A positive net trade balance indicates a trade surplus and that the value of goods exported is higher than the value of goods imported. A negative net trade balance indicates that there is a trade deficit and the value of goods imported is higher than the value of goods exported.

Creative industries

In 2023, trade in creative industries goods was estimated as:

• 拢8.1 billion goods imports, 1.3% of UK goods imports (down from 1.4% in 2022 and from 2.0% in 2018).
• 拢10.2 billion goods exports, 2.4% of UK goods exports (down from 2.6% in 2022 and from 3.7% in 2018).
• The creative industries had a trade surplus of 拢2.1 billion as the value of goods exported exceeded the value of goods imported.聽

Cultural sector

In 2023, trade in cultural sector goods was estimated as:

• 拢7.0 billion goods imports, 1.1% of UK goods imports (down from 1.3% in 2022 and from 1.7% in 2018).
• 拢8.0 billion goods exports, 1.9% of UK goods exports (down from 2.1% in 2022 and from 2.9% in 2018).
• The cultural sector had a trade surplus of 拢1.0 billion as the value of goods exported exceeded the value of goods imported.

Sport sector

In 2023, trade in sport goods was estimated as:

• 拢1.4 billion goods imports, 0.2% of UK goods imports (down slightly from 0.3% in both 2022 and 2018).
• 拢1.3 billion goods exports, 0.3% of UK goods exports (similar to 2022 and down slightly from 0.4% in 2018).
• The sport sector had a trade deficit of 拢0.2 billion as the value of goods imported exceeded the value of goods exported.

3.3 Trade with individual countries

This section summarises trade in DCMS sector goods by top partner country in 2023.

Imports of goods

The USA (拢1.7 billion) was the largest source for DCMS sector goods imports to the UK in 2023, followed by China (拢1.1 billion). In contrast, Germany (拢76.3 billion) was the largest source for goods imports across the wider UK economy, followed by the USA (拢63.3 billion). More information on UK overseas trade in goods statistics can be found on the 飞别产蝉颈迟别.听

For all of the top five partner countries by value of imports, the creative industries was the largest category of DCMS sector goods imports.

The top five partner countries by value of imports for included DCMS sectors are mostly the same across the individual DCMS sectors. Please refer to the data tables included in this release for further breakdowns by sector and subsector.

Exports of goods

The USA (拢2.7 billion) was the largest destination for DCMS sector goods exports in 2023, followed by Switzerland (拢1.0 billion). The USA (拢57.7 billion) was also the largest export partner country for goods across the wider UK economy, followed by Germany (拢32.4 billion). More information on UK overseas trade in goods statistics can be found on the 飞别产蝉颈迟别.听

For all of the top five partner countries the creative industries was the largest category of DCMS sector goods exports.

The top five partner countries for included DCMS sectors were mostly the same for goods exports in each DCMS sector, with some exceptions. Please refer to the data tables included in this release for further breakdowns by sector and subsector.

Figure 3: The top 5 countries that businesses in the included DCMS Sectors imported the most goods from and exported the most goods to in 2023

4. Trade in 天美影院

Estimates of trade in services are classified by the business involved in the trade and not the type of service provided. They are calculated on a change of ownership (balance of payments) measure of trade - if trade moves across land borders but remains under the same ownership this is not counted as trade. Estimates of trade in services are not comparable on any basis to the estimates of trade in goods. See the Data Sources section and accompanying Technical Report for further information.

Trade in services by businesses in the included DCMS sectors in 2023 is estimated as:

• 拢40.6 billion of service imports, 13.7% of total UK service imports (up from 13.2% in 2022 and from 8.9% in 2018).

• 拢63.5 billion of service exports, 13.6% of total UK service exports (up from 13.3% in 2022 and from 12.2% in 2018).

The proportion of total UK trade in services accounted for by services in included DCMS sectors has increased between 2018 (pre-pandemic) and 2023 for both imports (8.9% to 13.7%) and exports (12.2% to 13.6%). Most of the increase occurred between 2019 and 2021 for imports (from 10.4% to 15.7%) and between 2019 and 2020 for exports (from 12.7% to 14.9%).

Figure 4: Trade in included DCMS sectors (excl. tourism and civil society) services, as a percentage of the UK total: 2018 to 2023

In 2023, the value of services exported by businesses in the included DCMS sectors exceeded the value of services imported by 拢22.9 billion (a trade surplus). This means that businesses in the included DCMS sectors are net exporters of services. This is consistent with the businesses in the wider UK economy as a whole. Businesses in the UK export more services to foreign countries than they import from them, as a result the UK is a net exporter of services. More information on trade in services can be found in the . Exports of services by businesses in included DCMS sectors have consistently been higher than imports of services between 2018 and 2023.

The largest contributor to this surplus was businesses in the creative industries (拢21.1 billion surplus), particularly exports of services by businesses in the IT, software and computer sub-sector businesses (拢10.0 billion) and the film, tv, radio and photography businesses (拢5.3 billion). The creative industries is also the largest economically of the included sectors across a range of economic indicators that include Gross Value Added and Employment.

4.2 Trade in DCMS sectors 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽

The value of services traded by businesses in each DCMS sector is presented below in current prices. Please note that businesses in the included DCMS sectors may contribute to and be classified as more than one sector. For example, the majority of cultural sector businesses are also classified as creative industries businesses. For more information, see the DCMS sector overlaps in Annex B.

Although the Gambling Sector is included in the DCMS sector exports of services total, we have not reported the value of services exported by the gambling sector separately. This is because the aggregated exports of services data for gambling failed disclosure checks.聽 These are tests that we apply to the data to make sure that respondents to the survey cannot be identified from the results. For this reason we are unable to report the net balance of trade in services for the gambling sector.

Figure 5: The value of services traded by businesses in each DCMS Sector, 2023聽 聽 聽 聽

A positive net trade balance indicates that there is a trade surplus and that the value of services exported is higher than the value of services imported. A negative trade balance indicated a trade deficit and that the value of services imported is higher than the value of services exported.

Creative Industries

In 2023, the value services traded by businesses in the creative industries was estimated as:

• 拢38.3 billion service imports, 13.0% of UK service imports (up from 12.6% in 2022 and from 8.3% in 2018).
• 拢59.4 billion service exports, 12.7% of UK service exports (up from 12.2% in 2022 and from 10.9% in 2018).听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听聽
• The creative industries had a trade surplus of 拢21.1bn as the value of services exported by the business in the sector exceeded the value of services imported.聽

Cultural Sector

In 2023, the value of services traded by businesses in the cultural sector was estimated as:

• 拢7.3 billion service imports, 2.5% of UK service imports (up from 2.3% in 2022 and from 2.0% in 2018).听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听聽
• 拢13.5 billion service exports, 2.9% of UK service exports (up from 2.7% in both 2022 and 2018).
• The cultural sector had a trade surplus of 拢6.2bn as the value of services exported by the business in the sector exceeded the value of services imported.

Gambling Sector

In 2023, the value of services traded by businesses in the gambling sector was estimated as:

• 拢0.2 billion service imports, 0.1% of UK service imports (similar to 0.1% in 2022 and up from 0.03% in 2018).

Although the gambling sector is included in the DCMS Sector exports of services total, we have not reported the value of services exported by the gambling sector separately. This is because the aggregated exports of services data for gambling failed disclosure checks. These are tests that we apply to the data to make sure that respondents to the survey cannot be identified from the results.

Sport Sector

In 2023, the value of services traded by businesses in the sport sector was estimated as:

• 拢2.1 billion service imports, 0.7% of UK service imports (up from 0.6% in both 2022, and 2018).
• 拢3.0 billion service exports, 0.6% of UK service exports (down from 0.9% in 2022 and from 1.0% in 2018).听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听听
• The sport sector had a trade surplus of 拢0.9 billion as the value of services exported by businesses in the sector exceeded the value of services imported.

4.3 Trade with other countries

This section summarises trade in services by businesses in included DCMS sectors by partner country in 2023.

Imports of services

The USA (拢11.6 billion) was the largest source of services imported by businesses in included DCMS sectors in 2023, followed by India (拢5.3 billion). For all the top five partner countries, businesses in the creative industries were the largest source for services imported by businesses in DCMS sectors.

The top five partner countries by value of imports for included DCMS sectors are mostly the same across the individual DCMS sectors with some exceptions. Please refer to the data tables included in this release for further breakdowns by sector and subsector.

Exports of services

The USA (拢23.3 billion) was the largest recipient country of services exported by businesses in DCMS sectors in 2023, followed by Germany (拢4.4 billion). For all the top five partner countries, businesses in the creative industries were the largest exporters of services in DCMS sectors.

The top five partner countries by value of exports for included DCMS sectors are mostly the same across the individual DCMS sectors with some exceptions. Please refer to the data tables included in this release for further breakdowns by sector and subsector.

Figure 6: the top 5 countries that businesses in the included DCMS Sectors imported services from and exported services to in 2023

5. Trade in tourism

This chapter details estimates of the value of trade in goods and services combined for tourism, as well as the proportion of total UK trade in goods and services that is accounted for by tourism. Estimates are given in current prices (i.e. not adjusted for inflation) and are based on the ONS International Passenger Survey.

The International Passenger Survey (IPS) was suspended from 16 March 2020 to 18 January 2021 because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. No IPS data were collected for the period when the survey was not operational; as a result the estimates in this release for 2020 are based on administrative sources and modelling and should be treated with caution. There are therefore no breakdowns available by world regions or individual countries. More information on this can be found in the . In this chapter we have used 2019 as the baseline year for comparisons as the latest year not affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.聽

Expenditure by overseas tourist visitors to the UK is used as a proxy for exports of goods and services for Tourism. Expenditure by UK residents on their visits abroad is used as a proxy for imports of goods and services for Tourism.聽

Note that these estimates for tourism exports and imports are not directly comparable as they are not adjusted for inflation, and figures for the years 2020 and 2021 are influenced by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Further breakdowns by country are available from .

5.1 Tourism exports

In 2023, the value of exports in the tourism sector (spending on both goods and services by overseas visitors in the UK) was 拢31.1 billion. Measured in current prices, this was an increase of 17.3% compared to 2022 (拢26.5 billion) and an increase of 9.2% compared to 2019 (拢28.4 billion). Note that these estimates are not adjusted for inflation.

Figure 7: Spending by overseas visitors to the UK (exports of tourism), 拢 billion (current prices): 2018 to 2023

Breakdowns by individual countries

The UK has seen an increase in tourism exports (spending on both goods and services by overseas visitors on their visits to the UK) from聽 the majority of countries analysed in 2023 compared to 2022. Trends between 2019 (pre-pandemic levels) and 2023 vary by country. Please refer to the data tables included in this release for further estimates of the value of spend on goods and services by overseas visitors on their trips to the UK.

Table 1: Spending by overseas visitors in the UK from top five partner countries 2023

Home country	Overseas visitor spend in UK (拢bn, 2023	% of total overseas visitor spend in UK (2023)
USA	6.3	20.1
Germany	1.8	5.9
France	1.6	5.3
Australia	1.6	5.1
Republic of Ireland	1.2	4.0

5.2 Tourism imports

In 2023, the value of imports in the tourism sector (spend by UK residents visiting overseas) was 拢72.4bn. Measured in current prices, this was an increase of 23.7% compared to 2022 (拢58.5 billion) and an increase of 16.2% compared to 2019 (拢62.3 billion). Note that these estimates are not adjusted for inflation.

Figure 8: Spending by UK residents visiting overseas (imports of tourism), 拢bn: 2018 to 2023

Breakdowns by individual countries

The UK has seen an increase in tourism imports (spending by UK residents on their trips overseas) to the majority of countries analysed in 2023 compared to 2022. Trends between , above 2019 (pre-pandemic levels) and 2023 vary by country. Please refer to the data tables included in this release for further estimates on the value of spend on goods and services by UK visitors on their trips abroad.

Table 2: Spending by UK visitors in the top five partner countries, 2023

Home country	UK visitor spend in UK (拢bn, 2023	% of total UK visitor spend in UK (2023)
Spain	12.6	17.4
France	6.3	8.7
USA	6.1	8.5
Greece	3.9	5.4
Italy	3.7	5.1

6. Data sources

6.1 Trade in goods

All trade in goods data is sourced from HMRC鈥檚 . HMRC trade in goods data is based on a 鈥榗ross-border鈥� or 鈥榩hysical movement鈥� principle where goods entering and leaving an economic territory are recorded as imports and exports respectively. This is different from ONS trade in goods statistics which are based on a 鈥榗hange of ownership鈥� principle where goods entering or leaving an economic territory are not recorded as imports or exports unless they change hands (between UK residents and non-residents).聽

From 31 December 2020, the free movement of people and goods and services between the UK and the EU ended. This led to changes to the way that HMRC collects trade in goods statistics. As a result, there is a break in the time series for UK to EU goods export estimates from 1 January 2021 and for EU to UK goods imports from 1 January 2022.

UK to EU goods exports

Up to 31 December 2020, UK to EU goods exports statistics were collected via HMRC鈥檚 Intrastat survey. For goods moving from 1 January 2021, GB to EU goods exports statistics are compiled from customs export declarations made according to the requirements of the Taxation (Cross Border Trade) Act. Intrastat survey returns continue to be collected for goods exported from Northern Ireland to EU member states, under the terms of the Windsor Framework. As a result of these changes, there is a break in the time series for UK to EU goods export statistics from January 2021.聽

UK goods imports from the EU

Up to 31 December 2021, UK goods imports from the EU statistics were collected via HMRC鈥檚 Intrastat survey. From 1 January 2022, statistics on imports to GB from the EU were compiled from customs import declarations. Intrastat survey returns continue to be collected for goods imported from EU member states to Northern Ireland. As a result of these changes, there is a break in the time series for EU to UK goods import statistics from January 2022.

UK goods trade with non-EU countries

The data source for UK goods trade with non-EU countries is customs declarations and did not change following EU-exit. Non-EU goods trade statistics are compiled from two systems: CHIEF (Customs Handling of Import and Export Freight) and the Customs Declarations Service (CDS).

6.2 Trade in services

The estimates of trade in services are based on data from the ONS . These data are collected via survey and measures the value of transactions of UK businesses by industry. The data are calculated on the change of ownership principle of trade. The dataset does not provide full coverage of the economy and excluded sectors include: travel and transport; banking and other financial institutions; higher education; and most activities in the legal professions.

6.3 Trade in tourism

The estimates of trade in tourism are based on data from the ONS (IPS). The survey collects information about passengers entering and leaving the UK and are based on the following definitions;

• Imports of tourism 鈥� spending by UK residents on trips abroad

• Exports of tourism 鈥� spending by overseas residents during visits to the UK

These figures represent trade in goods and services combined and therefore are not directly comparable with the trade in services or trade in goods estimates presented for all other sectors. Therefore, estimates of imports and exports of Tourism are not presented in the DCMS sector totals.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the IPS was suspended on 16 March 2020 and resumed in January 2021. No IPS data were collected for the period when the survey was not operational. The travel and tourism statistics for April to December 2020 published by ONS are based on administrative sources and modelling. There are therefore no breakdowns available by world regions or individual countries. Further information on the methodology used to produce the estimates can be found on the .

7. Further information

• The next update to these statistics will be published in Spring/Summer 2026.
• The responsible analyst for this release is Wilmah Tawaziwa. For enquiries on this release, please contact evidence@dcms.gov.uk.
• For general enquiries contact: Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 100 Parliament Street, London, SW1A 2BQ.
• Email:enquiries@dcms.gov.uk听听
• DCMS statisticians can be followed on X via @DCMSInsight.
• Details of the pre-release access arrangements for this dataset have been published alongside this release.
• Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to. You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the .

8. Annex A: Timeline of trade-related events

A timeline of events and pieces of legislation that occurred between 2016 and 2021 and relevant to the movements of goods and people is shown in the table below. We have included events that have been reported as notable by the , the and HMRC.

Table 3: A timeline of trade related events that occurred between 2016 and 2022 and affected the movement of goods and people.

Date	Event
23 June 2016	In a UK referendum held on 23 June 2016, a majority of those who voted chose to leave the European Union
29 March 2017	Article 50 is triggered to commence the two-year countdown to the UK formally leaving the European Union (Brexit)
March and October 2019	ahead of Brexit deadlines in 2019 causing a spike in UK goods imports
31 January 2020	The UK officially left the European Union and entered a transition period
16 March 2020	The from operation due to travel restrictions caused by the coronavirus pandemic
31 December 2020	The transition period ended and the United Kingdom left the European Union single market and customs union
1 January 2021	GB goods exports to the EU are collected from customs export declarations.
18 January 2021	The International Passenger survey (IPS) was resumed after being suspended since March 2020 because of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
24 May 2021	European Council welcomes entry into force of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement
1 January 2022	GB goods imports from the EU are collected from customs import declarations.

9. Annex B: DCMS Sector overlaps

The DCMS sectors are not mutually exclusive; industries may contribute to and be classified as more than one sector. Due to these overlaps, summing of the value of goods or services traded by individual sectors would give a total greater than the actual value.

9.1 Sector overlaps for imports of services in DCMS Sectors

Figure 9 below shows that the total value of services imported by businesses in DCMS Sectors (拢40.6 billion) is not the sum of imports by businesses in the individual sectors. The amount of one bar that is vertically above another bar indicates the size of the overlap, for example, the cultural sectors is almost fully contained within the creative industries (but not vice versa).

Figure 9: Imports of services of DCMS sectors as a percentage of total UK service imports (%), 2023